Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharide is a highly immunogenic antigen which can enhance immune responses.Lipopolysaccharides is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A.

LPS is one of the most effective activators of the mammalian immune system without toxicological effects. However, as a nonspecific immunogen, when entering the microcirculation, LPS interacts with effector cells, activates the immune cells of the body, (e.g., monocytes, B-lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.) and stimulates the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and other biologically active molecules. This can lead to clinical syndromes such as fever, diarrhea, systemic inflammation response, coagulation dysfunction, multiple organ failure, and even shock. LPS is commonly extracted for the study of its structure, biosynthetic pathways, metabolism, toxicologic pathophysiology, immune responses, and is used in various life science research including the induction of growth-promoting factors (e.g., the synthesis and secretion of interleukins), and the induction of disease in animal models (e.g., meningitis, sepsis, gastrointestinal infections, acute lung injury, and other inflammatory reactions).

T11855

Lipopolysaccharide is a highly immunogenic antigen which can enhance immune responses. Lipopolysaccharides is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A.

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LPS can initiate a cascade of immune stimuli and toxic pathophysiological activities in the body, including the release of endotoxins that can cause septic shock. When bacteria invade the human body, they release their LPS on the cell surface. Initially, LPS binds to lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), which transports LPS to the membrane surface of immune cells, where it interacts with the membrane protein CD14. Subsequently, CD14 transports LPS to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD2), forming a protein complex that activates the expression of downstream cytokines and triggers an immune-inflammatory response.

4899.92

0.98

Inflammatory; Metabolism; Toxicity Pathophysiology; Immune Response

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